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Field experiment
Effects of music in service environments: a field study
Analyses revealed that individuals reported themselves as shopping longer when exposed to familiar music but actually shopped longer when exposed to unfamiliar music.
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The effects of music in a retail setting on real and perceived shopping times
Analyses revealed that individuals reported themselves as shopping longer when exposed to familiar music but actually shopped longer when exposed to unfamiliar music.
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The influence of music tempo and musical preference on restaurant patron's behavior
The article reports research into the effect of music tempo and musical preference on consumer behavior in a restaurant. The research investigates the extent to which these two variables influence actual and perceived time spent dining, the amount of money spent, and outcomes in terms of enjoyment of the experience and future behavioral intentions. The results show that music preference provided a better explanation of actual time spent dining than tempo, although neither variable had a significant effect on perceived time. Time spent in the restaurant was the most powerful predictor of money spent in the restaurant. Finally, the outcomes of the restaurant encounter were found to be significantly related to musical preference, but the effects of music tempo were nonsignificant. 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Musical tempo (fast/slow) and waiting perceptions
There is a significant positive relationship between background musical tempo and temporal perception. However, the significance of the relationship decreased when actual waiting time exceeded 15 min. The slow tempo treatment was the only treatment in which the mean perceived duration was shorter than the mean actual wait. Findings also revealed how slow-tempo music produced significantly enhanced affective response (satisfaction, positive disconfirmation of expectations, and relaxation) compared to fast-tempo music.
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Atmospherics, Pleasure And Arousal: The Influence Of Response Moderators in a Shopping Mall
The arousal induced by music and aroma results in increased pleasure levels which in turn positively influence shopper behaviors, including time and money spent, approach behavior, and satisfaction with the shopping experience. The combination of aroma presence and loud music resulted in a significantly higher level of reported pleasure compared to other conditions.
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Customer stress-relaxation: the impact of music in a hospital waiting room
The arousal induced by music and aroma results in increased pleasure levels which in turn positively influence shopper behaviors, including time and money spent, approach behavior, and satisfaction with the shopping experience. The combination of aroma presence and loud music resulted in a significantly higher level of reported pleasure compared to other conditions.
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The Effect of Environmental Perceptions on Behavioural Intentions Through Emotions: The Case of Upscale Restaurants
The arousal induced by music and aroma results in increased pleasure levels which in turn positively influence shopper behaviors, including time and money spent, approach behavior, and satisfaction with the shopping experience. The combination of aroma presence and loud music resulted in a significantly higher level of reported pleasure compared to other conditions.
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In-store music and aroma influences on shopper behavior and satisfaction
The arousal induced by music and aroma results in increased pleasure levels which in turn positively influence shopper behaviors, including time and money spent, approach behavior, and satisfaction with the shopping experience. The combination of aroma presence and loud music resulted in a significantly higher level of reported pleasure compared to other conditions.
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Music alters visual perception: Our conscious experience of the world may be less objective than we think
The study showed that listening to happy compared to listening to sad music had a dramatic effect on people’s perception. Respondents were assigned to identify happy and sad smileys while listening to happy or sad music. The results showed that even when a neutral face smiley was shown, the respondents that listened to happy music thought they saw a happy smiley and vice versa.
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Happy vs. Angry vs. Sad vs. Calm music
Calm music may be helpful in boosting social bonding and empathy, when people are in tears.
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